下面总结了三种缓存文件方法,一种是nginx下的缓存fastcgi_cache和proxy_cache,一种利用memcache缓存,另一种是利用php文件缓存.
nginx有两种缓存机制:fastcgi_cache和proxy_cache
下面我们来说说这两种缓存机制的区别吧
proxy_cache作用是缓存后端服务器的内容,可能是任何内容,包括静态的和动态的
fastcgi_cache作用是缓存fastcgi生成的内容,很多情况是php生成的动态内容
proxy_cache缓存减少了nginx与后端通信的次数,节省了传输时间和后端带宽
fastcgi_cache缓存减少了nginx与php的通信次数,更减轻了php和数据库的压力
proxy_cache缓存设置
#注:proxy_temp_path和proxy_cache_path指定的路径必须在同一分区
proxy_temp_path /data0/proxy_temp_dir;
#设置Web缓存区名称为cache_one,内存缓存空间大小为200MB,1天没有被访问的内容自动清除,硬盘缓存空间大小为30GB。
proxy_cache_path /data0/proxy_cache_dir levels=1:2 keys_zone=cache_one:200m inactive=1d max_size=30g;
实例代码如下:
- server
- {
- listen 80;
- server_name www.phpfensi.com 192.168.8.42;
- index index.html index.htm;
- root /data0/htdocs/www;
-
- location /
- {
- #如果后端的服务器返回502、504、执行超时等错误,自动将请求转发到upstream负载均衡池中的另一台服务器,实现故障转移。
- proxy_next_upstream http_502 http_504 error timeout invalid_header;
- proxy_cache cache_one;
- #对不同的HTTP状态码设置不同的缓存时间
- proxy_cache_valid 200 304 12h;
- #以域名、URI、参数组合成Web缓存的Key值,Nginx根据Key值哈希,存储缓存内容到二级缓存目录内
- proxy_cache_key $host$uri$is_args$args;
- proxy_set_header Host $host;
- proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
- proxy_pass http:
- expires 1d;
- }
-
- #用于清除缓存,假设一个URL为http:
- location ~ /purge(/.*)
- {
- #设置只允许指定的IP或IP段才可以清除URL缓存。
- allow 127.0.0.1;
- allow 192.168.0.0/16;
- deny all;
- proxy_cache_purge cache_one $host$1$is_args$args;
- }
-
- #扩展名以.php、.jsp、.cgi结尾的动态应用程序不缓存。
- location ~ .*.(php|jsp|cgi)?$
- {
- proxy_set_header Host $host;
- proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
- proxy_pass http:
- }
-
- access_log off;
- }
- }
fastcgi_cache缓存设置
#定义缓存存放的文件夹,代码如下:
fastcgi_cache_path /tt/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=NAME:2880m inactive=2d max_size=10G;
#定义缓存不同的url请求,代码如下:
- fastcgi_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$uri$arg_filename$arg_x$arg_y";
-
- server {
- listen 8080;
- server_name www.example .com;
- location / {
- root /www;
- index index.html index.htm index.php;
- }
-
- location ~ (|.php)$ {
- root /www;
- fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
-
- fastcgi_cache NAME;
- fastcgi_cache_valid 200 48h;
- fastcgi_cache_min_uses 1;
- fastcgi_cache_use_stale error timeout invalid_header http_500;
-
- fastcgi_index index.php;
- fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
- include fastcgi.conf;
- #设置缓存的过程中发现无法获取cookie,经查需要定义这句话
- fastcgi_pass_header Set-Cookie;
- }
-
- log_format access '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
- '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
- '"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';
- access_log /httplogs/access.log access;
- }
总的来说 nginx的proxy_cache和fastcgi_cache的缓存配置差不多.
memcache缓存
在讨论memcache缓存之前,我们先了解下mysql的内存缓存吧.
mysql的内存缓存可以在my.cnf中指定大小:内存表和临时表不同,临时表也是存放内存中,临时表最大的内存需要通过tmp_table_size=128M设定,当数据查过临时表的最大值设定时,自动转为磁盘表,此时因需要进行IO操作,性能会大大下降,而内存表不会,内存满了后,会提示数据满错误,代码如下:
- create table test
- (
- id int unsigned not null auto_increment primary key
- state char(10),
- type char(20),
- date char(30)
- )engine=memory default charset=utf8
内存表的特性:
1.内存表的表定义存放在磁盘上,扩展名为.frm,所以重启不会丢失
2.内存表的数据是存放在内存中,重启会丢失数据
3.内存表使用一个固定的长度格式
4.内存表不支持blob或text列,比如varchar与text字段就不会被支持
5.内存表支持auto_increment列和对可包含null值的列的索引
6.内存表不支持事物
7.内存表是表锁,当修改频繁时,性能可能会下降
分享一个存php缓存类,代码如下:
- <?php
-
- class Cache
- {
-
- private static $_instance;
- protected $_cacheId = null;
-
- const CLEANING_MODE_ALL = 'all';
- const CLEANING_MODE_OLD = 'old';
-
- protected $_options = array(
- 'cache_dir' => null,
- 'life_time' => 7200,
- 'page_dir' => null,
- 'cache_prefix' => 'cache_'
- );
-
- private function __construct(){}
-
-
- private function __clone(){}
-
-
-
-
-
- public static function getInstance(){
-
- if(! self::$_instance){
-
- self::$_instance = new self();
- }
-
- return self::$_instance;
- }
-
-
-
-
-
- public function setOptions($options = array()){
-
- while (list($name, $value) = each($options)) {
- $this->setOption($name, $value);
- }
- }
-
-
-
-
-
-
- public function getOption($name = null){
-
- if(null === $name)
- return $this->_options;
-
- if (!is_string($name)) {
- throwException("不正确的参数名称 : $name");
- }
-
- if (array_key_exists($name, $this->_options)){
- return $this->_options[$name];
- }
- }
-
-
-
-
-
- protected function setOption($name, $value){
-
- if (!is_string($name)) {
- throwException("不正确的参数名称 : $name");
- }
- $name = strtolower($name);
- if (array_key_exists($name, $this->getOption())){
- $this->_options[$name] = $value;
- }
-
- if ($this->_options['cache_dir'] === null) {
- $this->setOption('cache_dir', $this->getTmpDir() . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
- }
-
- if ($this->_options['page_dir'] === null) {
- $this->setOption('page_dir', $this->getTmpDir() . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
- }
- }
-
-
-
-
-
-
- public function load($id){
-
- $this->_cacheId = $id;
- $file = $this->getOption('cache_dir') . $this->getOption('cache_prefix') . $this->_cacheId;
-
- if (@filemtime($file) >= time()){
-
- return unserialize(file_get_contents($file));
- } else {
- @unlink($file);
- return false;
- }
- }
-
-
-
-
-
-
- public function save($data, $lifeTime = null){
-
- if(null !== $lifeTime)
- $this->setOption('life_time', $lifeTime);
-
- $file = $this->getOption('cache_dir') . $this->getOption('cache_prefix') . $this->_cacheId;
- $data = serialize($data);
- @file_put_contents($file, $data);
- @chmod($file, 0777);
- @touch($file, time() + $this->getOption('life_time']));
- }
-
-
-
-
-
- public function start($id){
-
- $this->_cacheId = $id;
- $file = $this->getOption('page_dir') . $this->getOption('cache_prefix') . $this->_cacheId;
-
- if (@filemtime($file) >= time()){
-
- return file_get_contents($file);
- } else {
- @unlink($file);
- ob_start();
- return false;
- }
- }
-
-
-
-
-
- public function remove($id){
-
- $this->_cacheId = $id;
-
- $file = $this->getOption('cache_dir') . $this->getOption('cache_prefix') . $this->_cacheId;
- @unlink($file);
-
- $file = $this->getOption('page_dir') . $this->getOption('cache_prefix') . $this->_cacheId;
- @unlink($file);
- }
-
-
-
-
-
- public function end($lifeTime = null){
-
- if(null !== $lifeTime)
- $this->setOption('life_time', $lifeTime);
-
- $file = $this->getOption('page_dir') . $this->getOption('cache_prefix') . $this->_cacheId;
- $data = ob_get_contents();
- ob_end_clean();
- @file_put_contents($file, $data);
- @chmod($file, 0777);
- @touch($file, time() + $this->getOption('life_time']));
- }
-
-
-
-
-
- public function clear($mode = CLEANING_MODE_OLD){
-
- $dirs = array('cache_dir', 'page_dir');
- foreach($dirs as $value){
- if(null != $this->getOption($value)){
- $files = scandir($this->getOption($value));
- switch ($mode) {
-
- case CLEANING_MODE_ALL:
- default:
- foreach ($files as $val){
- @unlink($this->getOption($value) . $val);
- }
- break;
-
- case CLEANING_MODE_OLD:
- default:
- foreach ($files as $val){
- if (filemtime($this->getOption($value) . $val) < time()){
- @unlink($this->getOption($value) . $val);
- }
- }
- break;
- }
- }
- }
- }
-
-
-
-
-
- public function getTmpDir(){
-
- $tmpdir = array();
- foreach (array($_ENV, $_SERVER) as $tab) {
- foreach (array('TMPDIR', 'TEMP', 'TMP', 'windir', 'SystemRoot') as $key) {
- if (isset($tab[$key])) {
- if (($key == 'windir') or ($key == 'SystemRoot')) {
- $dir = realpath($tab[$key] . '\temp');
- } else {
- $dir = realpath($tab[$key]);
- }
- if ($this->_isGoodTmpDir($dir)) {
- return $dir;
- }
- }
- }
- }
- $upload = ini_get('upload_tmp_dir');
- if ($upload) {
- $dir = realpath($upload);
- if ($this->_isGoodTmpDir($dir)) {
- return $dir;
- }
- }
- if (function_exists('sys_get_temp_dir')) {
- $dir = sys_get_temp_dir();
- if ($this->_isGoodTmpDir($dir)) {
- return $dir;
- }
- }
-
- $tempFile = tempnam(md5(uniqid(rand(), TRUE)), '');
- if ($tempFile) {
- $dir = realpath(dirname($tempFile));
- unlink($tempFile);
- if ($this->_isGoodTmpDir($dir)) {
- return $dir;
- }
- }
- if ($this->_isGoodTmpDir('/tmp')) {
- return '/tmp';
- }
- if ($this->_isGoodTmpDir('\temp')) {
- return '\temp';
- }
- throw new Exception('无法确定临时目录,请手动指定cache_dir', E_USER_ERROR);
- }
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- protected function _isGoodTmpDir($dir){
-
- if (is_readable($dir)) {
- if (is_writable($dir)) {
- return true;
- }
- }
- return false;
- }
- }
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